{"id":10675,"date":"2026-07-19T15:10:47","date_gmt":"2026-07-19T13:10:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bibliometrie.info\/2026\/10\/14\/the-research-profiles-of-germanys-federal-states\/"},"modified":"2026-10-15T10:39:57","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T08:39:57","slug":"the-research-profiles-of-germanys-federal-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bibliometrie.info\/en\/2026\/07\/19\/the-research-profiles-of-germanys-federal-states\/","title":{"rendered":"The research profiles of Germany\u2019s feder\u00adal states"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>

THE BIBLIOMETRIC LENS<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Table of contents<\/strong>
\nData and methodology<\/a>
\nHow do the feder\u00adal states differ?<\/a>
\nHow do the univer\u00adsi\u00adty and research sectors differ within feder\u00adal states?<\/a>
\nConclu\u00adsion<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

The research profiles of Germany\u2019s feder\u00adal states<\/h2>\n

AUTHOR: Andrey Lovakov
\nPUBLISHED: July 19, 2026
\nAFFILIATION: German Centre for Higher Educa\u00adtion Research and Science Studies (DZHW)<\/p>\n

A compar\u00adi\u00adson of the disci\u00adpli\u00adnary research profiles of Germany\u2019s feder\u00adal states and their univer\u00adsi\u00adty and research sectors reveals that the profiles of most feder\u00adal states are similar to the nation\u00adal profile. Special\u00adiza\u00adtion is large\u00adly confined to small\u00ader states. Within each state, the univer\u00adsi\u00adty and research sectors overlap consid\u00ader\u00adably, though the degree varies. The research insti\u00adtutes that a state hosts are its main source of distinctiveness.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Research is not evenly distrib\u00aduted across scien\u00adtif\u00adic fields. The amount of work produced in physics or the human\u00adi\u00adties depends not only on how funding and person\u00adnel are distrib\u00aduted across disci\u00adplines, but also on deeper struc\u00adtur\u00adal factors. These include a region\u2019s econom\u00adic base, geogra\u00adphy, polit\u00adi\u00adcal histo\u00adry and the locations of univer\u00adsi\u00adties and research institutes.<\/p>\n

The German research system is genuine\u00adly feder\u00adal. Univer\u00adsi\u00adties are primar\u00adi\u00adly governed and financed by the sixteen feder\u00adal states, meaning each feder\u00adal state direct\u00adly shapes its own univer\u00adsi\u00adty sector. Along\u00adside the univer\u00adsi\u00adties, the German acade\u00adm\u00adic system includes a second pillar. This pillar consists of a dense network of research insti\u00adtutes, which are mainly organized into four large associ\u00ada\u00adtions: the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Associ\u00ada\u00adtion, the Fraun\u00adhofer Society, and the Leibniz Associ\u00ada\u00adtion. These insti\u00adtutes are joint\u00adly funded by the feder\u00adal and state govern\u00adments and operate as nation\u00adal organi\u00adza\u00adtions. Conse\u00adquent\u00adly, their disci\u00adpli\u00adnary orien\u00adta\u00adtion and location depend more on nation\u00adal prior\u00adi\u00adties and histor\u00adi\u00adcal circum\u00adstances than on any single feder\u00adal state.<\/p>\n

This blogpost address\u00ades two questions. The first is whether the feder\u00adal states have differ\u00adent disci\u00adpli\u00adnary research profiles. The second is whether the univer\u00adsi\u00adty and research sectors within each feder\u00adal state share a common research profile or pursue differ\u00adent ones.<\/p>\n<\/div>

Data and methodology<\/h2>\n

The in-house version of the Scopus database provid\u00aded by the German Compe\u00adtence Network for Biblio\u00admet\u00adrics<\/a> (snapshot as of 10.2025) was used (Schmidt et al. 2025<\/a>)<\/span>. The analy\u00adsis covers journal articles and reviews published between 2020 and 2024 with at least one author affil\u00adi\u00adat\u00aded in Germany. Each publi\u00adca\u00adtion was assigned to one of 26 broad fields (exclud\u00ading the \u201cMulti\u00addis\u00adci\u00adpli\u00adnary\u201d catego\u00adry), to one or more of the sixteen feder\u00adal states, and to one or both of two sectors. The univer\u00adsi\u00adty sector includes univer\u00adsi\u00adties and univer\u00adsi\u00adties of applied sciences. The research sector includes the insti\u00adtutes of the four mission-orient\u00aded associ\u00ada\u00adtions: the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Associ\u00ada\u00adtion, the Fraun\u00adhofer Society, and the Leibniz Associ\u00ada\u00adtion. As publi\u00adca\u00adtions can be co-authored across sectors, the same paper may contribute to both sectors.<\/p>\n

In order to compare feder\u00adal states of very differ\u00adent sizes, we do not count publi\u00adca\u00adtions direct\u00adly, as larger feder\u00adal states produce more in almost every field, which tells us little about their charac\u00adter. Instead, we measure relative special\u00adiza\u00adtion (Aksnes, van Leeuwen, and Sivert\u00adsen 2014<\/a>)<\/span>. First, we calcu\u00adlate the activ\u00adi\u00adty index (AI) for each field. This is the field\u2019s share of a feder\u00adal state\u2019s output divid\u00aded by its share of Germany\u2019s overall output. An AI above 1 indicates that the field is over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in that feder\u00adal state, account\u00ading for a larger propor\u00adtion of its research output than at the nation\u00adal level. An AI below 1 suggests under-repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion. The activ\u00adi\u00adty index ranges from 0 to infin\u00adi\u00adty and is asymmet\u00adric. We there\u00adfore trans\u00adform it into the relative special\u00adiza\u00adtion index (RSI), defined as (AI \u2212 1) \/ (AI + 1). The RSI ranges from \u22121 to +1: positive values indicate over-repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion, negative values indicate under-repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion, and a value of zero indicates that a field takes up exact\u00adly the same share of a feder\u00adal state\u2019s output as of Germany\u2019s overall output. As the RSI is symmet\u00adric around zero, an RSI of +0.5 and one of \u22120.5 repre\u00adsent depar\u00adtures of equal size in opposite direc\u00adtions. The RSI is a relative measure of a field\u2019s promi\u00adnence within a feder\u00adal state\u2019s own output, not an absolute size. A positive RSI means that a field carries more weight in a feder\u00adal state\u2019s profile than nation\u00adal\u00adly, rather than indicat\u00ading that the feder\u00adal state produces a higher volume of papers in that field than other states. A field that is over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in a small feder\u00adal state may be larger, in absolute terms, in a large one. Through\u00adout the follow\u00ading text, \u2018over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded\u2019 and \u2018under-repre\u00adsent\u00aded\u2019 should be under\u00adstood in this relative sense.<\/p>\n

The same logic was applied to answer the second question, but this time the feder\u00adal state\u2019s total output was used as the bench\u00admark instead of the nation\u00adal output. The RSI of each sector was then comput\u00aded against this bench\u00admark. To summa\u00adrize the similar\u00adi\u00adty between two sectors, their disci\u00adpli\u00adnary profile overlap was consid\u00adered. The propor\u00adtion of research that the two sectors have in common ranges from 0% (no overlap) to 100% (identi\u00adcal profiles).<\/p>\n<\/div>

How do the feder\u00adal states differ?<\/h2>\n

The research profiles of most feder\u00adal states are fairly close to the nation\u00adal average. Signif\u00adi\u00adcant special\u00adiza\u00adtion is the excep\u00adtion rather than the rule. As can be seen in the heatmap below (Figure 1<\/em>), the vast major\u00adi\u00adty of values fall within a narrow range around zero. Strong over- or under-repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion is confined to a few feder\u00adal states and fields. These profiles are shaped by sever\u00adal struc\u00adtur\u00adal factors. The econom\u00adic base of a feder\u00adal state, its geogra\u00adphy, and the histor\u00adi\u00adcal and polit\u00adi\u00adcal decisions regard\u00ading the location of research insti\u00adtu\u00adtions all influ\u00adence its disci\u00adpli\u00adnary mix. Anoth\u00ader factor is the size and diver\u00adsi\u00adty of the feder\u00adal state\u2019s research system itself. A large, diver\u00adsi\u00adfied system aggre\u00adgates many insti\u00adtu\u00adtions and tends to resem\u00adble the nation\u00adal average, where\u00adas a small system can be visibly impact\u00aded by a single large insti\u00adtu\u00adtion or indus\u00adtry. This is one reason why small\u00ader feder\u00adal states such as Saarland, Bremen, Branden\u00adburg, and Mecklen\u00adburg-Western Pomera\u00adnia tend to have distinc\u00adtive profiles, while larger feder\u00adal states such as North Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria and Baden-W\u00fcrttem\u00adberg appear compar\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly unspecialized.<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/span>

<\/h2>

Figure 1: Relative special\u00adiza\u00adtion (RSI) of each feder\u00adal state by field. <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>

The pattern of over-repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion can be broad\u00adly inter\u00adpret\u00aded in struc\u00adtur\u00adal terms. Earth, environ\u00admen\u00adtal, agricul\u00adtur\u00adal and biolog\u00adi\u00adcal sciences are over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in sever\u00adal north\u00adern and eastern feder\u00adal states, as well as along the coast. The RSI for earth and plane\u00adtary sciences is +0.56 in both Branden\u00adburg and Bremen, meaning that these fields account for a much larger propor\u00adtion of the output of these feder\u00adal states than of Germany as a whole. This is consis\u00adtent with geograph\u00adi\u00adcal factors, such as coastal locations favour\u00ading marine research and the presence of large geoscience, marine, and agricul\u00adtur\u00adal insti\u00adtutes. Sever\u00adal of these insti\u00adtutes were estab\u00adlished or expand\u00aded in the eastern feder\u00adal states after reuni\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion. Similar\u00adly, veteri\u00adnary medicine is over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in Lower Saxony (+0.47) and Mecklen\u00adburg-Western Pomera\u00adnia (+0.46), consis\u00adtent with the long-estab\u00adlished veteri\u00adnary univer\u00adsi\u00adty in Hannover, region\u00adal animal health insti\u00adtutes, and the agricul\u00adtur\u00adal nature of these feder\u00adal states. It\u2019s impor\u00adtant to note that this doesn\u2019t mean these feder\u00adal states produce the most veteri\u00adnary research in absolute terms, but rather that the field is compar\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly promi\u00adnent within their own research output.<\/p>\n

Other over-repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtions reflect econom\u00adic struc\u00adture and delib\u00ader\u00adate research policy. For example, comput\u00ader science is signif\u00adi\u00adcant\u00adly over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in Saarland (+0.37), reflect\u00ading the region\u2019s long-stand\u00ading focus on infor\u00admat\u00adics. As Saarland\u2019s overall output is modest, this focus signif\u00adi\u00adcant\u00adly impacts its profile. Other examples include materi\u00adals science, which is over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in Saxony (+0.25), in line with the indus\u00adtri\u00adal and techno\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal histo\u00adry of the Dresden region, and econom\u00adics and finance in Hesse (+0.22), where Frank\u00adfurt is the country\u2019s finan\u00adcial centre. Psychol\u00ado\u00adgy is over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in Rhineland-Palati\u00adnate (+0.23). The social sciences and human\u00adi\u00adties present a distinc\u00adtive case: they are over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded almost exclu\u00adsive\u00adly in Berlin (and in Bremen for the social sciences) and under-repre\u00adsent\u00aded across most of the more special\u00adized feder\u00adal states. Berlin hosts an unusu\u00adal\u00adly dense and varied set of univer\u00adsi\u00adties and social science insti\u00adtu\u00adtions. Elsewhere, these fields tend to be outweighed wherev\u00ader large natur\u00adal science insti\u00adtutes dominate a feder\u00adal state\u2019s output.<\/p>\n

As a feder\u00adal state\u2019s field shares must sum to a fixed total, strong over-repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion in one area neces\u00adsar\u00adi\u00adly implies under-repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion in others. Conse\u00adquent\u00adly, the feder\u00adal states with a strong focus on natur\u00adal sciences tend to under-repre\u00adsent econom\u00adics, business, and the human\u00adi\u00adties. For example, Mecklen\u00adburg-Western Pomera\u00adnia has values of \u22120.53 for business, \u22120.51 for econom\u00adics, and \u22120.43 for the arts and human\u00adi\u00adties. Saarland has values of \u22120.58 for econom\u00adics and \u22120.66 for agricul\u00adture. The most extreme negative values usual\u00adly indicate a field\u2019s near-absence from a feder\u00adal state rather than an active de-empha\u00adsis. Saarland\u2019s value of \u22120.90 in earth sciences reflects this. A relat\u00aded caution applies to small fields such as veteri\u00adnary and dentistry, whose share can fluctu\u00adate signif\u00adi\u00adcant\u00adly in a small feder\u00adal state based on a single insti\u00adtu\u00adtion. There\u00adfore, extreme values in these fields should be inter\u00adpret\u00aded with caution. Figure 2<\/em> summa\u00adrizes the five most over- and under-repre\u00adsent\u00aded fields in each feder\u00adal state.<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/span>

over_under_representated<\/h2>

Figure 2: Five most over- and under-repre\u00adsent\u00aded fields in each German feder\u00adal state. <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>

To summa\u00adrize how distinc\u00adtive a feder\u00adal state is overall, its special\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion inten\u00adsi\u00adty was calcu\u00adlat\u00aded. This shows how far a feder\u00adal state\u2019s field profile deviates from the nation\u00adal profile. It is calcu\u00adlat\u00aded as the propor\u00adtion of a feder\u00adal state\u2019s output that would need to be redis\u00adtrib\u00aduted across fields to align with Germany\u2019s profile. A value of 0 means the profile is identi\u00adcal to the nation\u00adal profile, while larger values mean a more distinc\u00adtive profile. As Figure 3<\/em> shows, this inten\u00adsi\u00adty is strong\u00adly relat\u00aded to the size of the research system (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 = \u20110.73). The larger a feder\u00adal state\u2019s publi\u00adca\u00adtion output, the closer its profile is to the nation\u00adal profile. The most distinc\u00adtive profiles belong to Branden\u00adburg, Bremen, Saarland, and the least distinc\u00adtive to North Rhine-Westphalia, Thuringia, Baden-W\u00fcrttem\u00adberg. This is partly struc\u00adtur\u00adal, as large and diverse systems aggre\u00adgate many insti\u00adtu\u00adtions and move towards a nation\u00adal profile. It is also partly mechan\u00adi\u00adcal, as small shares of output in a field are more easily influ\u00adenced by a single insti\u00adtu\u00adtion. The fact that city-states, which are geograph\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly small but large in output, sit close to the nation\u00adal profile suggests that the effect is driven by the size of the research system rather than the physi\u00adcal size of a feder\u00adal state.<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/span>

intensity_publication<\/h2>

Figure 3: Special\u00adi\u00adsa\u00adtion inten\u00adsi\u00adty versus publi\u00adca\u00adtion output. <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>

How do the univer\u00adsi\u00adty and research sectors differ within feder\u00adal states?<\/h2>\n

The second question shifts the focus from compar\u00adisons between feder\u00adal states to compar\u00adisons within them. This is where the feder\u00adal struc\u00adture of the German system becomes direct\u00adly relevant. While the feder\u00adal states govern and finance their own univer\u00adsi\u00adties, they do not direct\u00adly steer the research insti\u00adtutes, which are joint\u00adly funded by the feder\u00adal govern\u00adment and are locat\u00aded in areas deter\u00admined by nation\u00adal and histor\u00adi\u00adcal factors. If the two sectors were shaped by differ\u00adent forces, one might expect them to have differ\u00adent research profiles. To examine this, we calcu\u00adlate the degree of special\u00adiza\u00adtion in each sector against the feder\u00adal state\u2019s overall profile and summa\u00adrize the results by overlay\u00ading the two sectors\u2019 disci\u00adpli\u00adnary profiles.<\/p>\n

The first finding is that the two sectors gener\u00adal\u00adly agree with each other across all feder\u00adal states. The overlap between the univer\u00adsi\u00adty and research profiles ranges from about 76% in Baden-W\u00fcrttem\u00adberg down to 57% in Hamburg (see Figure 4<\/em>). Even in the most diver\u00adgent case, the two sectors still share a major\u00adi\u00adty of their disci\u00adpli\u00adnary profile.<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/span>

overlap<\/h2>

Figure 4: Overlap of the disci\u00adpli\u00adnary profiles of the univer\u00adsi\u00adty and research sectors. <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>

There is a consis\u00adtent diver\u00adgence between the two sectors. In every feder\u00adal state, the univer\u00adsi\u00adty sector is compar\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in the social, human and clini\u00adcal fields, such as the arts and human\u00adi\u00adties, social sciences, psychol\u00ado\u00adgy, business, econom\u00adics, dentistry, nursing and health profes\u00adsions, and usual\u00adly mathe\u00admat\u00adics and medicine. Meanwhile, the research sector is compar\u00ada\u00adtive\u00adly over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in the physi\u00adcal and environ\u00admen\u00adtal sciences, includ\u00ading earth and plane\u00adtary sciences, materi\u00adals science, physics, energy, engineer\u00ading, chemistry, and some areas of the life sciences. This reflects the struc\u00adture of the German system, in which the human\u00adi\u00adties, social sciences, and clini\u00adcal disci\u00adplines are predom\u00adi\u00adnant\u00adly in the univer\u00adsi\u00adty sector. Mission-orient\u00aded research associ\u00ada\u00adtions concen\u00adtrate in the natur\u00adal sciences. The magni\u00adtude of this division of labor varies between feder\u00adal states, but not the direction.<\/p>\n

The size of a feder\u00adal state and the insti\u00adtu\u00adtions it hosts shape this magni\u00adtude. In large, diver\u00adsi\u00adfied feder\u00adal states, both sectors reflect the feder\u00adal state\u2019s overall profile and there\u00adfore resem\u00adble each other. In small feder\u00adal states, by contrast, the research sector is often dominat\u00aded by one or two large insti\u00adtutes, which pull its profile away from that of the univer\u00adsi\u00adties. The feder\u00adal states with the most aligned sectors are, accord\u00ading\u00adly, among the larger systems: Baden-W\u00fcrttem\u00adberg (76%), Berlin (75%), Lower Saxony (74%), Hesse (72%). The most diver\u00adgent are small\u00ader states: Hamburg (57%), Schleswig-Holstein (58%), Rhineland-Palati\u00adnate (58%), Saarland (58%).<\/p>\n

The diver\u00adgent feder\u00adal states demon\u00adstrate how a single insti\u00adtu\u00adtion\u00adal cluster can influ\u00adence a sector. In Saarland, for example, the research sector is strong\u00adly over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in comput\u00ader science relative to the feder\u00adal state\u2019s overall profile, while the univer\u00adsi\u00adty sector is under-repre\u00adsent\u00aded there. The research sector also leans towards materi\u00adals, pharma\u00adceu\u00adti\u00adcals, energy and engineer\u00ading, and large\u00adly lacks repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adtion in the human\u00adi\u00adties, business and psychol\u00ado\u00adgy, which are mostly repre\u00adsent\u00aded in the univer\u00adsi\u00adties. This reflects the infor\u00admat\u00adics-focused insti\u00adtutes locat\u00aded in Saarbr\u00fcck\u00aden. In Schleswig-Holstein, the research sector special\u00adizes in earth and plane\u00adtary sciences, materi\u00adals science, and environ\u00admen\u00adtal science. This is consis\u00adtent with the marine and geoscience insti\u00adtu\u00adtions along the Kiel coast, while the univer\u00adsi\u00adties carry dentistry, nursing, neuro\u00adscience, and the health profes\u00adsions. Hamburg shows a similar split, with its research sector marked\u00adly over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in physics and astron\u00ado\u00admy and, to a lesser extent, in materi\u00adals and chemistry. Its univer\u00adsi\u00adties special\u00adize in dentistry, psychol\u00ado\u00adgy, nursing, and clini\u00adcal fields. Rhineland-Palati\u00adnate completes the group. Its research sector leans towards materi\u00adals, earth sciences and chemi\u00adcal engineer\u00ading, while its univer\u00adsi\u00adties focus on dentistry, medicine and the health-relat\u00aded profes\u00adsions. In every case, the diver\u00adgence runs in the same direc\u00adtion: the research sector special\u00adizes in the physi\u00adcal and environ\u00admen\u00adtal sciences, the univer\u00adsi\u00adties special\u00adize in the social, human and clini\u00adcal fields. Figure 5<\/em> shows these contrasts field by field for the most diver\u00adgent and most aligned feder\u00adal states.<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/span>

profiles<\/h2>

Figure 5: Profiles of univer\u00adsi\u00adty vs research sectors within the feder\u00adal states. <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>

The same division of labour is present in the most aligned feder\u00adal states, though it is less pronounced. In Berlin, the two sectors are nearly indis\u00adtin\u00adguish\u00adable across the major\u00adi\u00adty of fields and differ only in a few fields. The research sector is somewhat over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in physics and astron\u00ado\u00admy and materi\u00adals, and the univer\u00adsi\u00adties are over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in dentistry and veteri\u00adnary medicine. The diver\u00adsi\u00adty of its univer\u00adsi\u00adties and the densi\u00adty of its insti\u00adtutes mirror the feder\u00adal state\u2019s overall profile. In Hesse, the sectors also agree across most fields. The research sector focus\u00ades on physics and astron\u00ado\u00admy and chemistry, while the univer\u00adsi\u00adties are over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in dentistry, business and the clini\u00adcal fields. In Baden-W\u00fcrttem\u00adberg and Lower Saxony, the univer\u00adsi\u00adties close\u00adly reflect the feder\u00adal states\u2019 overall profiles. The main source of diver\u00adgence is the research sector, which is under-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in the human\u00adi\u00adties, psychol\u00ado\u00adgy, and the social sciences, but over-repre\u00adsent\u00aded in parts of the physi\u00adcal and environ\u00admen\u00adtal sciences, such as physics, earth sciences, materi\u00adals and energy.<\/p>\n<\/div>

Conclu\u00adsion<\/h2>\n

Taken togeth\u00ader, the two analy\u00adses point in the same direc\u00adtion. The univer\u00adsi\u00adty sector direct\u00adly governed by the feder\u00adal states tends to close\u00adly align with each state\u2019s overall profile. In contrast, the research sector, which is not direct\u00adly controlled by the feder\u00adal states, is the main source of differ\u00adences between feder\u00adal states and between the two sectors within a feder\u00adal state. Howev\u00ader, one caution should be noted. The extent to which univer\u00adsi\u00adties close\u00adly track a feder\u00adal state\u2019s overall profile depends partly on the size of the univer\u00adsi\u00adty sector. This is because univer\u00adsi\u00adties account for a larger share of output, which pulls the overall profile toward them. The substan\u00adtive point nonethe\u00adless holds. Much of what shapes a feder\u00adal state\u2019s research profile and the partic\u00adu\u00adlar shape of its two sectors can be traced to the research insti\u00adtutes it hosts and the econom\u00adic, geograph\u00adic, histor\u00adi\u00adcal, and polit\u00adi\u00adcal circum\u00adstances that brought them there.<\/p>\n<\/div>

Refer\u00adences<\/h3>\n

Aksnes, Dag W., Thed N. van Leeuwen, and Gunnar Sivert\u00adsen. 2014. \u201cThe Effect of Booming Countries on Changes in the Relative Special\u00adiza\u00adtion Index (RSI) on Country Level.\u201d Scien\u00adto\u00admet\u00adrics<\/em> 101 (2): 1391\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-014\u20111245\u20113<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Schmidt, Marion, Chris\u00adtine Rimmert, Dimity Stephen, Christo\u00adpher Lenke, Paul Donner, Simone G\u00e4rtner, Niels Taubert, Thomas Bausen\u00adwein, and Stephan Stahlschmidt. 2025. \u201cThe Data Infra\u00adstruc\u00adture of the German Kompe\u00adten\u00adznet\u00adzw\u00aderk Bibliome\u00adtrie: An Enabling Inter\u00adme\u00addi\u00adary Between Raw Data and Analy\u00adsis.\u201d Quanti\u00adta\u00adtive Science Studies<\/em> 6: 1129\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/qss.a.20<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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